中国严寒和寒冷地区
Summary
中国“供暖地区”的建筑设计标准是专为中国寒冷和最寒冷的地区制定,并根据标准中所述的五个子气候区的建筑物规模和所在地,对有关技术和能源绩效的需求有不同标准。对居住建筑,规定强制性能源绩效标准(部分属于自愿性要求),强调围护结构的热工性能,以及供热、制冷、热水供应和水管系统中的能源效率要求。该标准允许采用指定途径或模拟的定制预算途径(参照建筑物),以确定是否合规。
中国的第一部居住建筑的能源效率标准是于1986年针对供暖区域开发和实施,并分别于1995年和2010年更新。现行标准包括进一步提高严寒区域的能源效率如低U值、为锅炉规定最低设计效率(特别不鼓励使用电热锅炉)、鼓励采用可再生能源系统、自然通风的要求、供暖和制冷系统的设计必须经过技术经济性能分析。
General information
Remit Code
Coverage
-
Residential buildings
- One family
-
Multiple family buildings
- 41.88 EUI (kWh/m2) China average, not a performance value
- Other buildings
-
Commercial buildings
- Offices
- Retail and wholesale
- Hotels
- Hospitals
- Educational buildings
- Other buildings
- Industrial buildings
- Large Cities
- All urban buildings
- Rural buildings
-
GBPN Climate Classification
- Cooling Based
- Heating Based
- Warm and Humid
- Mixed
- Heating based, code include specific climate data to be used when calculating performance. According to the range of different heating degree day (HDD18) and cooling degree day (CDD 26), the severe cold and cold zones can be divided into 5 climate sub-zones.
Type of Building Code
Type of Building Code
- Cooling Based
- Prescriptive Codes
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Trade Off
The thermal performance trade-off of building and building enclosure shall be based on the index of heat loss of building.
- Performance Codes for Refurbishments
- Performance Codes for New Builds
- Energy Declaration
-
Model / reference Building
The standard allows a simulated ‘custom budget’ approach (reference building) to show compliance. Whereby a building is deemed to meet the standard so long as its calculated building energy use is below that of a reference building. This “custom budget” approach is similar to that used in US standards such as ASHRAE 90.1, and differs from the “fixed budget” approach used in several other Asian countries.
- Mix of different models / Hybrids
Energy Covered
Basis for Energy Requirements
- Overall performance frame
-
Final Energy
Partially, the custom budget method is used during the design stage. The energy used in the simulation is based on site energy.
- Primary Energy
- Life Cycle Assessment considered (embedded energy)
Energy Uses and Functions Covered by the Code
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Heating
The heat source mode and equipments for central heating and air conditioning system in residential building should be determined by technical economical analysis according to the composite factors such as local resources condition, environmental protection, energy efficiency and heating affordable capacity of users.
-
Cooling
The cold source mode and equipment for central air conditioning systems in residential buildings should be determined by technical economical analysis according to the composite factors such as local resources condition, environmental protection and energy efficiency.
- Dehumidification
-
Ventilation
Ventilation equipement must meet the efficiency requirements outlined in relevant applicable standards, for example, "The minimum allowable values of the energy efficiency and energy efficiency grades for room air conditioners" GB 12021.3 and "The minimum allowable values of the energy efficiency and energy efficiency grades for variable speed room air conditioners" GB 21455.
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Airtightness
Partially, air-tightness requirements for windows and door components, no overall air leakage value and no mandatory blower door test.
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Thermal bridging
Partially, the code proposes a new assessment index of thermal bridge affects for different thermal insulation structures.
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Hot water
Minimum design efficiencies for boilers, electric boilers not encouraged and in most cases restricted.Piping insulation requirements. In indoor Heating System, hot water shall be used as heating agent.
- Technical installations
-
Lighting
Partially, no specific lighting efficiency requirements, Lighting is not part of China’s design standards for energy efficiency in residential buildings, which are focused on the building envelope and HVAC. China issued the Standard for Lighting Design in Buildings in 2004; this standard covers energy efficiency design issues for lighting in residential, commercial and industrial buildings
- Appliances
-
Design, position & orientation of building
In the overall layout of building complex, the plane and vertical plane layout of single building, and the arrangement of door and window, using solar radiation in winter and avoiding the most frequent wind direction in winter should be considered. The building should be orientated at north/south, or approximate north/south.
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Heat recovery
In the boiler room design, the residual heat generated by boilers shall be taken full advantage of.
-
Passive solar
Not known at this stage.
-
Passive cooling
Encouraged.
-
Natural ventilation
In the design of ventilation and air-conditioning system, combined with architecture design, the natural ventilation measures in seasons all the year around shall be determined; the indoor air flow organization should be arranged well to improve the natural ventilation efficiency and reduce the service time of mechanical ventilation and air conditioning.
-
Solar protection
Shading co-efficients apply depending on the WWR. Horizontal shading or mobile shading should be arranged for the external window (south orientation) of buildings in Cold (B) zone. The mobile shading should be arranged for external window of east/ west orientation. The shading coefficient of the external shading shall be determined according to Appendix D in the standard.
-
Daylighting requirements
No specific daylighting requirements.
-
Renewable Energy (solar, PV, others)
Partially, renewable energies shall be used actively if necessary for energy efficient design of HVAC systems, not mandatory.
- Local renewable sources
- Energy Offsets/Green Certificates
Enforcement
Type of Enforcement
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Local enforcement
Enforcement by the local governments or Construction Commissions, the point of control in enforcing building energy standards is during design and construction, with non-compliance resulting in the building permit not being issued. -
Third party inspection
An enforcement system relying on third party due diligence can work well but government oversight remains crucial. - Central enforcement
- Accreditation of applicants
-
Post Occupancy control
Not known at this stage.
On-site Inspections Occur
- On-site inspections
- During construction
-
Post completion
Not known at this stage. -
Post occupancy
Not known at this stage.
Certification to Support Enforcement of Code
- Energy Performance Certificate support BC
- Positive labeling for building beyond the minimum BC level
- Existence of EPC register database at national level
-
Inspection of boilers
Depends on the local jurusdiction. -
Inspection of HVAC systems
Depends on the local jurusdiction.
Penalties for Non-compliance
- None
-
Fine
If the construction company fails to comply with mandatory provisions of the building energy codes, the company is required to correct its wrong doing and pay penalty of between 2% and 4% of the contract cost. - Imprisonment
-
Refusal of permission to occupy
Refusal of permission to occupy, refusal of permission to construct. - Refusal of permission to construct
- Demolition
Measures Supporting Enforcement
-
Commissioning requirements
For boilers only. - Airtightness testing required prior to compliance
- Mandatory Computer Modeling
- Training of Inspectors
- Other
Values for New Buildings
Code History and Future Targets
-
How far in advance are future targets set?China has not established an updating system to regularly review and update its codes.
-
Are stakeholders informed of future targets far in advance?Yes
Zero Energy Targets
- Are all end uses considered in the target?
- Is there a realistic roadmap towards ZEB
-
National Target date for nZEB
China is currently at the studying stage of these definitions and concepts.
- Special Requirements for public buildings
Supporting Measures
- Involvement of Stakeholders in the Development of Codes
- Supporting Labeling Schemes
- Supporting Certification Schemes