中国公共建筑
Summary
中国的公共建筑物标准于2005年制定,目的是提高非居住建筑物(如商业类、教育类和政府用建筑物)的能源绩效。该标准中列出一些强制性和自愿性的能源绩效标准,强调围护结构的热工性能,以及供热、制冷、热水供应和水管系统中的能源效率要求。该标准允许采用指定途径或模拟的定制预算途径(参照建筑物),以确定是否合规。
中国的第一部非居住建筑能效标准是颁布的《旅游旅馆建筑热工与空气调整节能设计标准》。2005年,该标准经过更新并扩大适用范围,从而将所有公共建筑物均包括在内,目的是与20世纪80年代的典型建筑物相比,将年度能源消耗降低50%。本标准包括提高能源效率方面的各种措施,譬如自然通风和遮阳板方面的设计,通风系统中的变速传动装置与控制要求,供暖和冷却系统中的效率和控制要求,以及集中供热中的强制性热水使用。
General information
Remit Code
Coverage
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Residential buildings
- One family
- Multiple family buildings
- Other buildings
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Commercial buildings
- Offices
- Retail and wholesale
- Hotels
- Hospitals
- Educational buildings
- Other buildings
- Industrial buildings
- Large Cities
- All urban buildings
- Rural buildings
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GBPN Climate Classification
- Cooling Based
- Heating Based
- Warm and Humid
- Mixed
- This code covers 5 official Chinese climate zones. These include based, combined climate, moderate climate and cooling based.
Type of Building Code
Type of Building Code
- Cooling Based
- Prescriptive Codes
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Trade Off
Building envelope trade-off option. When the building design is incapable of fully meeting the specified building envelope thermotechnical design requirements, through calculating and comparing the year-round heating and air conditioning energy consumption of the reference building and the designed building, the total thermotechnical performance of the building envelope shall be judged to meet the energy efficiency design requirements or not.
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Performance Codes for Refurbishments
Partially, based on reference building calculation.
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Performance Codes for New Builds
Partially, based on reference building calculation.
- Energy Declaration
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Model / reference Building
In addition to the prescriptive requirements above, the public building standard contain performance options whereby a building is deemed to meet the standard so long as its calculated building energy use is below that of a reference building. This “custom budget” approach is similar to that used in US standards such as ASHRAE 90.1, and differs from the “fixed budget” approach used in several other Asian countries.
- Mix of different models / Hybrids
Energy Covered
Basis for Energy Requirements
- Overall performance frame
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Final Energy
The custom budget method is used during the design stage. The energy used in the simulation is based on site energy.
- Primary Energy
- Life Cycle Assessment considered (embedded energy)
Energy Uses and Functions Covered by the Code
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Heating
In the detailed design phase, the heat load must be calculated item by item. Hot water should be used as the heat source for district heating systems. There are requirements for heating system loop design and layout, installation and design of radiators, and installation of pressure balance devices in water loop branches. For public buildings with tall spaces, radiant heating systems are recommended. Monitoring and control requirements.
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Cooling
In the detailed design phase, the cooling load must be calculated item by item. System efficiency requirements, Monitoring and control requirements.
- Dehumidification
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Ventilation
Efficiency requirements, variable air volume systems and variable speed drives encouraged. Many specifc requirements depending on the type of system. Monitoring and control requirements
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Airtightness
Partially, the provisions 4.2.10 and 4.2.11 mention air-tightness. They indicates the specific provisions should refer to national standards of "GB 7107 Graduation and Test Method for Air Permeability Performance of Windows, " and "GB/T 15225 Gradation for Physical Properties of Building Curtain Wall," respectively.
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Thermal bridging
Partially, some requirements.
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Hot water
Boiler efficiency requirements, New buildings may not use electric boilers and electric water heaters for heating.
- Technical installations
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Lighting
The lighting energy efficiency design of the public buildings shall meet the relevant regulations of the current national standard - "GB 50034-2004 Design Standard for Architectural Lighting". Lighting power density requirements.
- Appliances
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Design, position & orientation of building
The arrangement and design of the building layout should utilize the winter sunshine and sheer off the most frequent wind direction in winter, and utilize the summer natural ventilation. The main exposure of the building should choose the optimal exposure or nearly optimal exposure in the local area.
- Heat recovery
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Passive solar
The arrangement and design of the building layout should utilize the winter sunshine (utilizing passive heating) and sheer off the most frequent wind direction in winter (avoiding heat loss), and utilize the summer natural ventilation (natural ventilation). The main exposure of the building should choose the optimal exposure or nearly optimal exposure in the local area (This addresses the position and orientation to take advantage of dalighting, passive heating, and natural ventilation).
- Passive cooling
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Natural ventilation
The arrangement and design of the building layout should utilize the winter sunshine and sheer off the most frequent wind direction in winter, and utilize the summer natural ventilation.
- Solar protection
- Daylighting requirements
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Renewable Energy (solar, PV, others)
Partially, China encourages the utilization of renewable and new technologies to improve building energy efficiency. One of objectives of building energy codes is to make sure new buildings meet the minimum building energy performance.
- Local renewable sources
- Energy Offsets/Green Certificates
Enforcement
Type of Enforcement
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Local enforcement
Local goverments required to carry out plan/specification reviews and onsite inspections. -
Third party inspection
Third party inspectors are used in some regions to demonstrate compliance and to inspect technical systems. - Central enforcement
- Accreditation of applicants
- Post Occupancy control
On-site Inspections Occur
- On-site inspections
- During construction
- Post completion
- Post occupancy
Certification to Support Enforcement of Code
- Energy Performance Certificate support BC
- Positive labeling for building beyond the minimum BC level
- Existence of EPC register database at national level
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Inspection of boilers
Not known at this stage. -
Inspection of HVAC systems
Not known at this stage.
Penalties for Non-compliance
- None
- Fine
- Imprisonment
- Refusal of permission to occupy
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Refusal of permission to construct
Non-compliance of DSEEPB will lead to no construction permit issued by local construction agency. - Demolition
Measures Supporting Enforcement
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Commissioning requirements
Not known at this stage. -
Airtightness testing required prior to compliance
None. -
Mandatory Computer Modeling
No. -
Training of Inspectors
Not known at this stage. - Other
Values for New Buildings
Code History and Future Targets
Zero Energy Targets
- Definition of nZEB/ZEB/Plus Energy etc
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Are all end uses considered in the target?
Not at this stage.
- Is there a realistic roadmap towards ZEB
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National Target date for nZEB
China is currently at the studying stage of these definitions and concepts.
- Special Requirements for public buildings
Supporting Measures
- Involvement of Stakeholders in the Development of Codes