加利福尼亚州(美国)
Summary
CCR 是加州制定的州级规范,符合或超出IECC2009和ASHRAE 2007标准要求,是针对所有新建住宅和非住宅建筑的强制性规范。该规范对建筑外围的热性能,和HVAC、热水、照明及其辅助系统的能效提出了要求。该规范允许使用法条式规范方式或能源预算方式以证明改建或增建符合规范要求。CCR的2012年版即将公布。
加州在制定建筑物能效标准方面具有悠久历史。从1978年至今,建筑能效规范得到持续改善,并计划在2013年进一步强化能效要求。现行规范及其辅助支持体系包括一些改善能效的动态行动计划,包括时间依赖型估价、地方政府提高能效要求,HERS的认证计划、“太阳能准备”建筑计划、商业建筑能源基准制定以及制定公共建筑特殊要求。
General information
Remit Code
Coverage
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Residential buildings
- One family
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Multiple family buildings
- Time Dependent Valuation (TDV), provides the foundation for Title 24 calculations. TDV applies an hour-by-hour factor and reflects the life cycle value of energy savings, time of year, climate zone, type of fuel, building type and outdoor temperature.
- Other buildings
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Commercial buildings
- Offices
- Retail and wholesale
- Hotels
- Hospitals
- Educational buildings
- Other buildings
- Industrial buildings
- Large Cities
- All urban buildings
- Rural buildings
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GBPN Climate Classification
- Cooling Based
- Heating Based
- Warm and Humid
- Mixed
- 16 Climate Zones - Between heating based and a mixed climate.
Type of Building Code
Type of Building Code
- Cooling Based
- Prescriptive Codes
- Trade Off
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Performance Codes for Refurbishments
Energy budget approach is a performance calculation but the calculation is based on a reference building.
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Performance Codes for New Builds
Energy budget approach is a performance calculation but the calculation is based on a reference building.
- Energy Declaration
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Model / reference Building
Energy Budgets (reference building) for a proposed building is the sum of the space-conditioning, lighting, and service water-heating budgets expressed in Btu/sf/a. Applicable to residential and non-residential buildings and alterations or additions.
- Mix of different models / Hybrids
Energy Covered
Basis for Energy Requirements
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Overall performance frame
Time Dependent Valuation (TDV). Under TDV the value of electricity differs depending on time-of-use (hourly, daily, seasonal), and the value of natural gas differs depending on season.
-
Final Energy
Partially, calculation is for 'Site' energy.
- Primary Energy
-
Life Cycle Assessment considered (embedded energy)
Partially , not for individual buildings, but within Part 6 there are requirements for when an individual measure is undertaken, a cost optimal analysis is required for that system, including; first cost, ongoing costs, lifecycle savings.
Energy Uses and Functions Covered by the Code
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Heating
Minimum prescriptive efficiency and sizing requirements. Heating system design loads shall be determined in accordance with the procedures described in the ASHRAE Handbook or as specified in a method approved by the Commission.
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Cooling
Minimum prescriptive efficiency and sizing requirements. Cooling system design loads shall be determined in accordance with the procedures described in the ASHRAE Handbook or as specified in a method approved by the Commission.
- Dehumidification
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Ventilation
Prescriptive efficiency and sizing requirements. Most large buildings are required to ensure that each space that is not naturally ventilated shall be ventilated with a mechanical system capable of providing a precribed outdoor air rate.
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Airtightness
Building Envelope Leakage Diagnostics. Completed by the contractor responsible for testing building envelope leakage through pressurization of the house. Later to be verified by a third-party inspector (HERS rater).
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Thermal bridging
No linear value but u-factor calculations for setting prescriptive requirments take into account thermal bridging averages. Additionally simulation software caluclates specific rates for different types of construction, mainly wood lumber or steel.
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Hot water
Minimum efficiency and insulation requirements.
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Technical installations
National efficiency standards apply.
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Lighting
Depends on the building type - minimum efficiency, lighting control devices, ballasts and luminaires power, area controls and outdoor lighting controls. Lighting Systems are verified and signed by the contractor responsible for installing systems.
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Appliances
National efficiency standards.
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Design, position & orientation of building
Partially, no mandatory requirements, compliance credits can be obtained through bio-climatic design. Near future targeting is being planned.
- Heat recovery
- Passive solar
- Passive cooling
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Natural ventilation
Requirements for Non-res, High-rise Res and Hotel/Motel, naturally ventilated spaces shall be permanently open to and within 20 feet of operable openings to the outdoors, with the opening not less than 5% of the conditioned floor area.
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Solar protection
Shading devices to be included within energy calculations for residential buildings.
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Daylighting requirements
Within lighting there are precribed requirements for daylight control devices. Daylight baseline assumed within commercial buildings.
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Renewable Energy (solar, PV, others)
Renewable systems can be used to offset expected energy use when completing energy calculations for compliance. Many city only codes have increased requirements for renewable energy. No minimum requirements.
- Local renewable sources
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Energy Offsets/Green Certificates
Energy offsets available.
Enforcement
Type of Enforcement
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Local enforcement
The local agency with responsibility and authority to issue building permits and verify compliance with applicable codes and standards. The enforcement agency performs plan checks, inspections and Final approval. -
Third party inspection
Undertaken or required for some technical evaluations. - Central enforcement
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Accreditation of applicants
For all buildings, the Certificate(s) of Compliance shall be signed by the person(s) accepting responsibility for the building design to certify conformance with Part 6 . -
Post Occupancy control
Partially, a requirement for certain commercial buildings.
On-site Inspections Occur
- On-site inspections
- During construction
- Post completion
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Post occupancy
Partially, a requirement for certain commercial buildings.
Certification to Support Enforcement of Code
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Energy Performance Certificate support BC
HERS rating for residential buildings. The HERS certificate does show the expected TDV. -
Positive labeling for building beyond the minimum BC level
HERS rating for residential buildings. -
Existence of EPC register database at national level
Partially, not mandatory, the HERS provider must maintain a database that incorporates an internet website-based user interface. -
Inspection of boilers
Partially, only at project completion to verify the system operates in accordance with design documentation. No ongoing testing requirements. -
Inspection of HVAC systems
Only at project completion to verify the system operates in accordance with design documentation. No ongoing testing requirements.
Penalties for Non-compliance
- None
- Fine
- Imprisonment
-
Refusal of permission to occupy
Refusal of permission to occupy. -
Refusal of permission to construct
Refusal of permission to construct. - Demolition
Measures Supporting Enforcement
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Commissioning requirements
Acceptance testing is required. -
Airtightness testing required prior to compliance
Only for compliance with the HERS rating scheme. -
Mandatory Computer Modeling
Partially, only when using the Energy Budget method. -
Training of Inspectors
Training strategies differ between each county or city, but it does exist. Some cross-training is being undertaken in order to widen the technical knowledge base of each inspector. - Other
Values for New Buildings
Code History and Future Targets
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How far in advance are future targets set?0
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Are stakeholders informed of future targets far in advance?Yes
Zero Energy Targets
- Definition of nZEB/ZEB/Plus Energy etc
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Are all end uses considered in the target?
Partially.
- Is there a realistic roadmap towards ZEB
-
National Target date for nZEB
State target, residential by 2020 and commercial by 2030 - all new commercial buildings and half of the existing commercial building stock be nZEB by 2030 (energy use will need to decrease by 60-70%). These targets are policy at this stage, not regulation or law.
- Special Requirements for public buildings
Supporting Measures
- Incentives/Rewards to Encourage People to go beyond Minimum Level?
- Involvement of Stakeholders in the Development of Codes
- Level of Training Provided to Stakeholders Following Implementation of Code?
- Provision of Appropriate Information for General Public
- Supporting Labeling Schemes
- Supporting Certification Schemes
- Codes Free to Access?
- Text on Code Access