We systematically review the impact of polyurethane insulation and polyurethane household products on the indoor environmental quality of buildings. The review breaks down polyurethane products into constituent compounds (isocyanate, polyol, flame retardant, blowing agent and catalyst) as well as secondary emissions, and discusses their implications on human health. Concentrations of compounds emitted from insulation, and household materials, measured in laboratory experiments and case studies are presented in the context of the built environment.

We outline that isocyanate exposure over the current legal limits could take place during spray foam insulation application in the absence of personal protection equipment. The study reports that flame retardants are not chemically bound to polyurethane products and they are found in measurable concentrations in indoor environments. Additionally, we provide evidence that catalysts are responsible for at least some negative impact on perceived indoor air quality. More data is required to determine the long-term emissions from spray foam products and the ventilation strategies required to balance energy savings, thermal comfort and good indoor air quality. However, it is not yet possible to determine whether potential health impacts could result from exposure to a single compound or a combination of compounds from spray foam products. We present a risk matrix for polyurethane compounds and propose that flame retardants, by-products, and residual compounds are particularly important for indoor air quality. We conclude by suggesting a framework for further research.